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Aktuelle Version vom 9. Oktober 2011, 23:18 Uhr
Vorlesung an der Universität Wien
Inhaltsverzeichnis
- 1 Allgemeines
- 2 Begleitende Lernunterlagen
- 2.1 Neuroscience: Past, present and future
- 2.2 Neurons and glia
- 2.3 The neural membrane at rest
- 2.4 The action potential
- 2.5 Synaptic transmission
- 2.6 Neurotransmitter systems
- 2.7 The central nervous system
- 2.8 The chemical senses
- 2.9 The eye and the central visual system
- 2.10 The auditory and vestibular systems
- 2.11 The somato-sensory system
- 2.12 The motor system
- 3 Mitarbeit & Disclaimer
Allgemeines
Prüfungsstoff: Folien und Buch: Neuroscience - exploring the brain Kapitel 1-14
Vortragende: Giorgia Silani, Ph.D.
Studienpläne (Universität Wien):
Begleitende Lernunterlagen
Neuroscience: Past, present and future
The origins of neuroscience
Galen of Pergamon: Correlation between structure and function, Cerebrum: soft = sensations, Cerebellum: hard = movements, Ventricles: contains fluids which movements to or from regulate perception and actions
René Descartes: Fluid-mechanical theory of brain function, Philosophical mind-brain distinction
Franz Joseph Gall: 1809 Phrenology
Marie Jean Pierre Flourens: 1823 Experimental ablation method
Pierre Paul Broca: 1861 Lesioned patients
Levels of analysis in neuroscience
Molecular Neuroscience neurotransmitter, enzymes, etc.
Cellular Neuroscience types of neurons and their properties
Systems Neuroscience visual, auditory, etc.
Behavioral Neuroscience from networks to behaviors
Cognitive Neuroscience from brain to mind, i.e. consciousness
Medical specialists associated with the nervous system
Neurologist: An M.D. trained to diagnose and treat diseases of the nervous system
Psychiatrist: An M.D. trained to diagnose and treat disorders of mood and personality
Neurosurgeon: An M.D. trained to perform surgery on the brain and spinal cord
Neuropathologist: An M.D. or Ph.D. trained to recognize the changes in nervous tissue that result from disease
Types of experimental neuroscientists
Computational neuroscientist: Uses mathematics and computers to construct models of brain functions
Developmental neurobiologist: Analyzes the development and maturation of the brain
Molecular neurobiologist: Uses the genetic material of neurons to understand the structure and function of brain molecules
Neuroanatomist: Studies the structure of the nervous system
Neurochemist: Studies the chemistry of the nervous system
Neuroethologist: Studies the neural basis of species-specific animal behaviors in natural settings
Neuropharmacologist: Examines the effects of drugs on the nervous system
Neurophysiologist: Measures the electrical activity of the nervous system
Physiological psychologist (Biological psychologist, Psychobiologist): Studies the biological basis of behavior
Psychophysicist: Quantitatively measures perceptual abilites
Some major disorders of the nervous system
Alzheimer's disease: A progressive degenerative disease of the brain, characterized by dementia and always fatal
Cerebral palsy (Video): A motor disorder caused by damage to the cerebrum at the time of birth
Depression: A serious disorder of mood, characterized by insomnia, loss of appetite, and feelings of dejection
Epilepsy: A condition characterized by periodic disturbances of brain electrical activity that can lead to seizures, loss of consciousness, and sensory distrurbances
Multiple sclerosis (Video): A progressive disease that affects nerve conduction, characterized by episodes of weakness, lack of coordination, and speech disturbance
Parkinson's disease: A progressive disease of the brain that leads to difficulty in initiating voluntary movement
Schizophrenia: A severe psychotic illness characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and bizarre behavior
Spinal paralysis: A loss of feeling and movement caused by traumatic damage to the spinal cord
Stroke: A loss of brain function caused by disruption of the blood supply, usually leading to permanent sensory, motor, or cognitive deficit
Neurons and glia
Protein Synthesis: Translation Process
DNA Transcription and Protein Assembly
The Schwann Cell and Action Potential
Es war einmal das Leben - Die Nerven 1/3
Es war einmal das Leben - Die Nerven 2/3
Es war einmal das Leben - Die Nerven 3/3
The neural membrane at rest
| Measurement | Symbol | Name | Explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Electrical current | I | Ampere | represents ion movement |
| Electrical conductance | g | Siemens | ability (or inability) of an electrical charge
to migrate from one point to another |
| R | Ω | ||
| Electrical potential | V | Volts | difference in charge between cathode and anode |
The Resting Membrane Potential (Membrane rest potential bei Silani -65 mV!)
| Name | Symbol | Eion (at 37°C) |
|---|---|---|
| Calcium | Ca2+ | 123mV |
| Sodium | Na+ | 62mV |
| Chloride | Cl- | -65mV |
| Potassium | K+ | -80mV |
The action potential
The Human Body: Nervous System (2nd Ed., Rev.)
Early Hypotheses to Explain the Action Potential
The Action Potential (Animation)
Propagation of the action potential
Synaptic transmission
Cell Membrane, Exocitosis & Endocitosis
GN 015 Synaptischer Spalt / synaptic cleft - neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitter systems
Neurotransmitter Synapse 3D Animation
Synaptic vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release at the neuromuscular junction
Comparison of direct and indirect neurotransmitter actions
| Neurotransmitter | Receptor subtype | Agonist (+) | Antagonist (-) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acetylcholine (ACh) | Nicotinic receptor | Nicotine | Curare |
| Muscarinic receptor | Muscarine | Atropine | |
| Norepinephrine (NE) | α receptor | Phenylephrine | Phenoxybenzamine |
| β receptor | Isoproterenol | Propranolol | |
| Glutamate (Glu) | AMPA | AMPA | CNQX |
| NMDA | NMDA | AP5 | |
| GABA | GABAA | Muscimol | Bicuculline |
| GABAB | Baclofen | Phaclofen | |
| ATP | P2X | ATP | Suramin |
| A type | Adenosine | Caffeine |
GABA Receptor Subunits and Ion Channel
How to Increase Serotonin With Foods & Vitamins
How SSRIs and MAO Inhibitors Work
The central nervous system
Anatomical terms of location (Directional terms)
CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) Flow
Cerebral arteries (Neuroanatomy Tutorial)
Brain Stem Model - Lateral View - Cranial Nerves
The chemical senses
| Type | Chemical ingredient | Chemical detection | Peak sensitivity on tounge |
|---|---|---|---|
| sour | acids | low pH, H+ binds to and blocks ion channels causing deporalization | sides |
| bitter | K+, Mg2+, quinine, caffeine | G-protein coupled: T2Rs | back |
| sweet | sugars (fructose, sucrose)
artificial sweeteners (saccharin, aspartame) |
G-protein coupled: T1R2 and T1R3 receptor | tip |
| umami | amino acids | G-protein coupled: T1R1 and T1R3 receptor | - |
| salty | salts | special Na+ channels
the ions pass directly through the channel causing deporalization |
sides |
Ageusia: loss of taste
Anosmia: loss of smell
The eye and the central visual system
Human Eye: 01: General Anatomy
| Type | Focal point | Lens type for correction |
|---|---|---|
| Emmetropia | optimal | - |
| Myopia | too short | concav (spreads light) |
| Hyperopia | too long | convex (bundles light) |
Photoisomerization of rhodopsin
Center-surround receptive field
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus - Off Cell
The Human Visual Pathways: Maps, Plasticity, and Reading
Es war einmal das Leben - Das Auge 1/3
Es war einmal das Leben - Das Auge 2/3
Es war einmal das Leben - Das Auge 1/3
The auditory and vestibular systems
Hair cell transduction channels
Basilar Membrane oscillations at different sound frequencies
Es war einmal das Leben - Das Ohr 1/3
Es war einmal das Leben - Das Ohr 2/3
Es war einmal das Leben - Das Ohr 3/3
The somato-sensory system
Central Nervous System, Reflex Arc
Posterior parietal cortex (PPC): involved in somatic sensation, visual stimuli, and movement planning; lesion has been associated to: agnosia, astereoagnosia and neglect syndrome
Hyperalgesia: higher sensitivity to pain in damaged tissue
The motor system
Hypertrophy: Exaggerated growth of muscle fibers
Atrophy: Degeneration of muscle fibers
The mechanism of filament sliding during contraction of a myofibril
Muscular System, Sliding Filament Theory (1)
Muscular System, Sliding Filament Theory (2)
Neuromuscular junction - motor unit
| Level | Task | Associated brain regions |
|---|---|---|
| highest | Strategy: the goal of the movement and best way to achieve it | neocortex and basal ganglia |
| middle | Tactics: the sequence of muscle contraction to achieve the goal | motor cortex and cerebellum |
| lowest | Execution: activation of motor neurons that generate the movement | brain stem and spinal cord |
Neuroanatomy Tutorial 34 (Motor Pathway)
Basal Ganglia part 1: Anatomy and Function
Michael J Fox Parkinson's Disease
CBS Special on Huntington's Disease
Hemiballismus: violent, flinging movement on one side of the body
Ataxia: lesion of the cerebellum, uncoordinated and inaccurate movements
Mitarbeit & Disclaimer
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